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the chapter 5 and 6 extra credit for world history |
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Chapter 5 and 6 Study Guide Extra Credit
1. Ancient Greece consisted of a mountainous peninsula jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea, and around 2,000 islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas. Greece was surrounded by water, and covered in rugged mountains most of the time. Mountain chains ran from northwest to southeast, and uneven terrain limited roads to dirt paths. Freshwater and farmland were rare, neither was provided by the tiny streams or rocky terrain. Temperatures averaged 48 degrees F in the winter and 80 degrees F in the summer. The climate would vary with the temperature. 2. The Minoans influenced the Mycenaean Seaborne trade, their language, their art and designs. They also influenced their religion, politics and literature. 3. The Mycenaean city was surrounded with a thick wall, giving them the strength to withstand almost all attacks. Their warrior king ruled the surrounding villages and farms. 4. According to tradition, a blind man named Homer was the greatest storyteller in ancient Greece. Homer also wrote epics, celebrating heroic deeds. The two most famous of which being the “Iliad” and “The Odyssey” 5. The Dorian’s were the group who moved into ancient Greece after the Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Dorian’s lived much less advanced than the Mycenaean’s. With no trade, a collapsed economy, and no writing, the Dorian’s seem very primitive. 6. Out of the Mycenaean’s, Minoan’s, and Dorian’s, the Minoan’s were the most advanced. They influenced much of the Mycenaean culture, excelling in art, trading, language, politics, etc. The Dorian’s came after the Mycenaean’s and Minoans were gone. Their civilization was quite primitive in comparison, lacking trade, economy, and written language altogether. 7. A polis is a city state 8. An Acropolis is a fortified hilltop on which citizens gathered to discuss city government. 9. a) Monarchy: A single ruler called a king rules over everyone b) Aristocracy: A government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families c) Oligarchy: A government ruled by a few powerful people d) Direct Democracy: Rule by the people
10. A phalanx is a fearsome formation in which foot soldiers stood side by side, each holding a spear in one hand, and a shield in the other. 11. The phrase, “Come back with your shield or on it,” means, come back victorious or dead. This phrase belonged to the Spartan civilization. 12. The daily life of a Spartan centered around military training. For boys, days were spent marching, exercising, and fighting. They wore only light tunics and shoes, practicing in all weathers. At night they slept without blankets on hard benches. They ate little more than a bowl of coarse, black, porridge, and were encouraged to steal food. Spartan girls received some military training also. They ran, wrestled, and played sports. 13. Athenian Democracy Vs. U.S. Democracy: Both democracies had; political power exercised by citizens; a legislative branch passing laws; an executive branch carrying out laws; a judicial branch conducting trials with paid jurors, and three branches of government all together. Athenian citizens were males, 18 years old, and born of citizen parents. U.S. citizens are born in the United States, or have completed the citizenship process. Athenian laws are voted on and proposed directly by an assembly of citizens, where U.S. representatives are elected to propose and vote on laws. Lot chooses Athenian leaders, where the U.S. elects a president. Athenian executive branch is composed of a council of 500 men, and the U.S. executive branch is made up of elected and appointed officials. Athenian juries vary in size, and U.S. juries are composed of 12 jurors. Athens has no attorneys, no appeals, and one-day trials, where U.S. defendants and plaintiffs have attorneys and a long appeal process. 14. Sparta held the advantage in the Peloponnesian War because of its inland location, defending them against Athens navy and its strong army. 15. In the Peloponnesian War, Athens was led by Pericles. 16. During the Peloponnesian War, a plague swept through Athens killing 1/3 of the population including Pericles. 17. The Spartans won the Peloponnesian war, and entirely destroyed Athens navy, fleet, and army. 18. Socrates is known for challenging Greeks/ Sophists to question themselves and their moral characters, and examine their lives. Plato is known for writing “The Republic” and his vision of a philosophic society and democracy/ governing system. Aristotle is known for; questioning the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge; almost summing up all the knowledge to his time; inventing a method for arguing according to rules of logic. 19. Alexander was “Alexander the Great,” for frightening Greece into giving up rebellion, and conquering the Persian Empire. 20. The chief characteristics of the Hellenistic culture are; a common language of Koine, and a foremost center of commerce as Alexandria. 21. Patricians were wealthy landowners who held most of the power; Plebeians were common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population. Both groups struggled for power and had at least some say in governing and rules. 22. A republic is a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leader. 23. Consuls were like kings. They commanded the army and directed the government, serving a total of one year. The senate was the aristocratic branch of Rome’s government. It had legislative and administrative functions in the republic, and 300 members were chosen from upper class Roman citizens. In times of crisis, a dictator was appointed. They held absolute power that lasted for only six months. They were chosen by consuls, and elected by the senate. 24. All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the Roman military. 25. Neighboring Latin’s became full citizens of Rom after they had been conquered. Close territories outside of that enjoyed all rights of Roman citizenship except the vote. All other Roman conquered groups became allies. 26. The power struggle between Carthage and Rome led to the Punic Wars. Rome triumphed in the end, after laying siege to Carthage. Carthage was set to fire, and its 50,000 inhabitants were sold into slavery. 27. Hannibal was a brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat in Sicily. He assembled an army of 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants with the intent of capturing Rome. He made his groups trek around mountains to surprise attack Rome from behind. This initially worked, but they still ended up losing in the end. 28. Small farmers found it difficult to compete with large estates run by slave labor, because those estates had more hands, more people, and more profit, no matter what. A large number of the small farmers ended up selling their farms to wealthy landowners and becoming homeless. 29. Caesar reformed Rome by granting Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces, expanding the senate, and helping the poor by creating jobs. 30. The Pax Roman was a period of peace and prosperity throughout Rome. 31. a) The government was sound and peaceful during the Pax Romana. Caesar was paying all the government workers, there was funding for the coliseum games, and the vast empire had able rulers b) Rome had a vast trading network throughout the Pax Romana. They traded with China, India, the east, Corinth, Ephesus, Antioch, and more. A complex network of roads also linked Rome to far off places Additional food and luxury items for the rich were obtained through trade. Farming was also thriving. About ninety percent of the people were engaged in farming, and most survived off the produce from their local area. c) Classes had little in common during the Pax Romana. The gap between rich and poor was huge, giving the rich gigantic estates with lavish gardens and acres of farmland, and barely leaving the poor with the necessities of life. To distract and control the masses, the government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests in the coliseum. 32. Slaves worked in the city and on farms. Some were forced to work hard labor all day long, and a few strong, healthy males were forced to become gladiators, or professional fighters who fought to the death in public contests. 33. Paul was so important to Christianity, because he wrote influential letters, called Epistles, to groups of believers during the Pax Romana. He also declared that Christianity should welcome all converts, giving it versatility. 34. Diaspora is the dispersal/ exile of the Jews, from their homeland when they attempted to break free of Romans in A.D. 132. 35. a) Romans military had weakened because of the generals paying people to fight for them, and fighting amongst themselves for power. The government was forced to hire mercenaries, which didn’t help. Overall, the government was falling apart. b)Because of the military’s weakening Roman spirit, and uninterested, Roman citizens began to lose their sense of loyalty as well. c) During the fall of the Roman Empire, Romans experienced inflation because the government was trying to make the same amount of money with fewer precious metals. This made the value of it drop, and prices raise. d) The military began to weaken and lose loyalty. They eventually just plain sucked and didn’t really care about Rome. 36. In A.D. 79, mount Vesuvius erupted to break free of Romans in A.D. 132 37. Romance Languages 38. The purpose of aqueducts was to bring water into cities and towns. 39. Some of the most important principles of Roman law were: All persons had the right to equal treatment under law; A person was considered innocent until proven guilty; The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused; A person should be punished only for actions, not thoughts; Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside.
chibi~melee · Mon Nov 19, 2007 @ 04:14am · 2 Comments |
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