For those of you who study the lessons, you have probrably wondered what some of the various abbreviations are. Here is a short reference to these abreviations.

DOP: Direct Object Particle (what). Ex: を o (spelt "wo" but is pronounced "o")

DP: Direction Particle (where to). Ex: へ e (spelt "he" but is pronounced "e")

EP: Emphatic Particle. Most end-of-sentence particles state emphasis or add a certain nuance. Ex: ね ne, よ yo, ぞ zo, etc.

IOP: Indirect Object Particle. Ex: に ni

POP: Possessive Particle (whose). Ex: の no

PP: Place Particle (where). Ex: で de, に ni, etc.

Q?: Interrogative particle. Shows that the sentence is a question. Ex: か ka

SP: Subject Particle (who). Ex: が ga

Suf.: Suffix for proper names. Ex: さん san, くん kun, etc.

TOP: Topic Particle. Shows that the previous word is the topic. Ex: は wa (spelt "ha" but pronounced wa)

TP: Time Particle (when). Ex: に ni

Please note, lessons 15-17 will go over these particles.