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 Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 7:36 am
Last Updated: 07 September 2008--Added the past tense of verbs, verb "to be," will probably come back later today and add aspect smile [[And yes, you MAY post biggrin It would be wonderful if you did... I'm a lonely freak of nature.]]So, here we all are, trying to learn Russian. Yay! I'm actually just learning Russian, but I can post what I know as I learn. I already know some, but I think I'll work on it as we go.
I'm taking Russian as a Not-Class--It's like an independent study, but with no credit. I'm doing it because I want to, and if my grades start dying I'll have to stop--but there's no loss (in terms of grades) in doing so.I'M IN A CLASS NOW. And I never edited this text... And now I've been to Russia, and studied Russian there, which was slightly terrifying but very helpful. So here is me unditching this lesson set, dusting it off, and fixing errors + adding to it. Enjoy! There are also links at the bottom of this postTable of Contents
1. Writing and Pronunciation [link]
2. Useful Phrases [link]
3. Grammar Notes: Basics, Pronouns, Noun Gender, Verb Basics [link]
4. Grammar Notes: Noun Declensions [link]
5. coming soon--adjectives + declensions
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BG info on Russian will go here... I think... Well, it's spoken in Russia (no, really? razz ) and is related to other Slavic languages, such as Ukrainian and Czech (though Czech and Polish don't use teh cyrillic alphabet). It uses the cyrillic alphabet, created way back when by some guy named Kyrill. I think he's a saint, but I really don't know. Now go get a map and compare the size of Russia to the size of most other countries. Pretty big, yeah? Yeah. That's about all I have to say. Oh, apparently they make glasses better in Russia, so says my mentor. Who is Russian. I probably should have asked him to teach me while I was doing research, but I'm just an idiot. I have reserved posts so that they can be used for lessons, then all the discussion comes after. This way it's more standard as a lesson instead of a bunch of people arguing over how to do what. I plan to use the Cyrillic letters as much as possible, but since some computers just won't show them right, I'll set up *my* transliteration system in the letters post. If you don't like it, don't use it, but keep in mind that it is how I will be doing things. Sometimes I will translate how I've seen it done and preferred over other methods. I WILL note when I am doing this, however!! So never fear smile LINKSI make no guarantee as to the usefulness/accuracy/safety of these sources. Post if you have any more biggrin http://learnrussian.elanguageschool.net/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Bookstore/3230/http://www.word2word.com/coursead.htmlhttp://www.mylanguageexchange.com/Learn/Russian.asphttp://learnrussian.elanguageschool.net/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Russian/Main_Contentshttp://www.gefix.net/sazov/
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 7:37 am
WRITING**I will note when I am going by sound instead of by written word... You see, it's really best to hear it spoken somewhere, because it's not as straightforward (in my mind) as other languages, like Spanish. There ARE variances in these sounds, and it's hard to just explain. For example, according to this list, the u and the o have the same sound as Spanish in Russian, and f, t, b, and l have very similar sounds. However, the word "futból" in spanish, though transliterated to the exact same word in Russian, sound very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very different. Spanish is "fuut-BOWL" while Russian is something like "fuet-BOuhl". Of course, I do realize that my explanations of the sounds probably make absolutely no sense. Here's my best shot at simplification:The letters listed are generally how I would transliterate. А а "a" (f ather) Б б "b" ( bat) В в "v" ( verse) Г г "g" ( go) Д д "d" ( dog) Е е "ye" ( yell) Ё ё "yo" ( your) Ж ж "zh" (mea sure) З з "z" ( zoo) И и "i" (str eet) Й й "y" (bo y, **dipthong y**) К к "k" (ba ke) Л л "l" ( long) М м "m" ( may) Н н "n" ( no) О о "o" (n o) П п "p" ( pie) Р р "r" (slightly trilled) С с "s" ( sun) Т т "t" ( time) У у "u" (s oon) Ф ф "f" ( fun) Х х "kh" ( hat) Ц ц "ts" (ha ts) Ч ч "ch" ( cheese) Ш ш "sh" ( shape) Щ щ "shch" (like sh, but "deeper", harder; extend jaw some (I can do it, but it's hard to explain) ь soft sign (no actual sound) ы ... (this one's a pain. see below) ъ hard sign (no actual sound) Э э "e" (g et) Ю ю "yu" ( you) Я я "ya" ( yawn) For how to WRITE the letters, go HEREы is WEIRD.Well, to the English speaker, it is. ы is the hard form of и. Compare the hard "u" to the hard "yu". If you're saying it right, "u" is way back in the throat, and "yu" is towards the teeth. Say it the same change, but with и instead of "yu" and ы instead of "u". make ы by saying и where you would say "u". All done. It makes a lot of sense after hearing it and realizing that и is soft and ы is hard, and knowing that that's the actual difference. (It's all about the consonants, really...I think) More Handy Pronunciation Info From the Language of the Month ThreadEccentric Iconoclast Е, Ё, И, Ю, and Я are considered the soft vowels. Before these vowels, the consonants are palatalised. А, О, У, Ы, and Э are considered the hard vowels. Before these vowels the consonants are NOT palatalised. To change either of these, one adds either the твёрдий знак or the мягкий знак. The твёрдий знак is swiftly growing obselete, though. The letters Д and Т change the most when palatalised. I'll try to explain: Try pronouncing the word "cats," but cut off right before you get into the S. Make sure to pronounce the T sound as if it's still plural! You'll get a bit of an S sound anyways, and your tongue will be touching the roof of your mouth halfway in between a K and a T. Got it? Good. This sound is replicated in English when one says, for instance, "did you eat yet?" Both the second D and the first T are palatalised. When palatalised, the letter Р is not rolled. The letter Л is also brought back on the tongue, just like Д and Т. The letter Н sounds like the first N in "onion." З and С end up being pronounced a little bit more like Ж and Ш. П and Б take the same mouth position as the first sound in the English word "pure." Ф and В take the same mouth posision as the first consonant in the English word "few." The letters Ж, Ш and Ц are completely hard consonants and are never palatalised. You will find many cases in which Ж and Ш are followed by the мягкий знак, but this does not affect pronunciation at all. As you will see, the letters Я, Ю and Ё can never follow these consonants. When Е and И follow them, they must be pronounced like Э and Ы respectively. The letter Ы can never be written after these consonants, but it can be pronounced. The letter О, when unstressed, never follows Ж, Ц, Ч, Ш or Щ. The letter Е is used instead. The letters Й, Ч and Щ are always soft. After them, the letters Я and Ю can never be written, but А and У are always pronounced like them. The letters Г, К and Х are only ever soft before Е and И. The letters П, Б, Д, Т, В, Ф, З, С, Л, М, Н and Р are all hard, but can be palatalised (as explained above). Voiced and unvoiced consonants: The letters Б, В, Д, Г, Ж and З are considered voiced, while the letters П, Ф, Т, К, Х, Ш, Ч, Щ, С and Ц are unvoiced. See a pattern? At the end of a word and before an unvoiced consonant, the voiced consonants become their unvoiced equivalents. Thus, "хлеб" is pronounced as "хлеп," and "ложка" as "лошка." Before a voiced consonant (except for В), an unvoiced consonant becomes its voiced equivalent if it has one. Here are the equivalents: Б <-> П В <-> Ф Д <-> Т Ш <->Ж З <->С Г <-> К or Х The other unvoiced consonants, not having voiced equivalents in the Russian language, are just left unvoiced. Syllable stress: The vowels can either be stressed or unstressed. Russian words have just one syllable stress the vast, vast majority of the time. The letter Ё is always stressed, which leads to the only possible exceptions to this rule. The syllable stress is vital to the meaning, as you will soon find out if you manage to botch it. wink The letter А, when stressed, is pronounced as I told you above. It is pronounced rather forcefully. When it is the vowel of the syllable preceding the stressed syllable, it is pronounced as the U in words such as "bud" or "cut." When it is anywhere else in the word, it is pronounced like the final vowels in the word "destinat ion." The same rule for А applies for О. Unstressed Е and Я are often pronounced similarly to И; for instance, the word "язык" sounds like "изык." At the end of words, they maintain a similar pronunciation to their stressed forms, but it is less forceful. У, Ы, Э and Ю are pronounced the same as they would be if they were stressed, but it's less forceful. Note that the pronunciation rules that I talked about before still apply to syllable stress; when Е after certain consonants is not stressed, it is still pronounced as Э and not as И. When giving you vocabulary, I will make sure to turn the stressed vowel red, to make it more clear. Russian is not a perfectly phonetic language. The greeting "здравствуйте," for instance, is pronounced more like "здраствиче." The word "пожалуйста" is pronounced more like "пожальста." You'll get used to this eventually. xd NOW, we've covered the basics of pronunciation. Here are some words to practice on: В одка -- vodka Журн ал -- journal, magazine Иди от -- idiot Елем ент -- element Опера -- opera Др ама -- drama
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 7:38 am
Useful Phrases My vocabulary format: Word -- English word (notes) [translit.] ((how it sounds to me as a native English-speaker)) Приветствия --GREETINGS *A large portion of this is copied from Russian's Language of the Month ThreadЗдравствуйте -- Hello [ZDRAvstvuytye] ((ZDRAZvitchay)) Привет -- Hi (Warning: This is rather informal!) [PRI-vyet] ((PRI-viyet)) Доброе утро -- Good morning [DObroye Utro] Добрый день -- Good day [DObriy den'] Добрый вечер -- Good evening [DObriy VEcher] ((DObry VICHe(r) )) Спокойной ночи -- Good night [spoKOYnoy NOchi] Как поживаете? -- How are you? (slightly formal) Как поживаешь? -- How are you? (informal) Прекрасно. А ты? -- Fine. And you? (informal) Рад тебя видеть. -- Nice to see you. (informal, male) Рада тебя видеть. -- Nice to see you. (informal, female) Рад Вас видеть. -- Nice to see you. (formal, male) Рада Вас видеть. -- Nice to see you. (formal, female) Я тоже рад Вас видеть. -- Nice to see you too. (formal, male) Я тоже рада Вас видеть. -- Nice to see you too. (formal, female) Что нового? -- What's new? Как дела? -- How are you doing? (rather informal) Как у Вас дела? -- How are you doing? (formal) Спасибо, хорошо. -- Fine, thank you. А у Вас? -- And how are you doing? (formal) Так себе. -- So-so. Как обычно. -- As usual. Неплохо. -- Not so bad. Плохо. -- Bad. Random Polite StuffПожалуйста -- Please (also means You're welcome) [poZHALuysta] ((poZHALsta)) Спасибо -- Thank you [spaSIbo] ((SPA-SI-ba)) Прошу прощения -- Sorry / Excuse me [proSHU proSCHYEniya] Извините -- Sorry / Excuse me (Less formal) [IzviNItye] Question WordsКто -- Who [kto] Что -- What [chto] ((shto)) Где -- Where [gdye] Когда -- When [kogDA] ((kagDA)) Почему -- Why [PoCHEmu] ((paCHEmu)) Куда -- Where (to) [KUda] Static Imp Used in a sentence: 1.Кто съел мой торт? (Kto syel moy tort?) - Who ate my cake? 2.Что ты там увидел? (Chto ty tam uvidel?) - What did you saw there? / Ну и Что? (Nu i chto? - So what? 3.Где мой дом? (Gde moy dom?) - Where's my house? 4.Когда ты пришёл? (Kogda ty prishol?) - When did you come? 5.Почему ты тут? (pochemu ty tut?) - Why are you here? 6.Куда ты идёшь? (Kuda ty idosh?) - Where are you going? -- Yes [da] ((da)) Нет -- No [nyet] ((niyet))
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 7:40 am
GRAMMAR NOTES A few things you should know before going further:
1. There is NO verb "to be" in the PRESENT tense. It is IMPLIED by the lack of a verb. Some language books write in a dash (--) to show where it would go, but it's really not done that way, so I don't even bother with that.
2. There are NO articles. (That means no "a", "an", or "the")
Example: "I am a potato." is "Я картошка."
("Ya karTOshka", literally "I potato.")PRONOUNSJUST IN CASE anyone doesn't know this from their English classes: Pronouns are those words that go in place of names.In English, our pronouns are: Singular .......// Plural 1: I ..............// we 2: you .........// you 3: he/she/it .// they (I listed the nominative case only, for simplicity.) In Russian: Singular ..........// Plural 1: я .................// мы 2: ты* .............// вы 3: он/она/оно .// они *ты / вы: вы is plural and can be formal singular or plural. If you are familiar with someone, you can say ты; otherwise, use вы, even if it's only one person. Even if it is one person, if you use вы, the verb should be conjugated in the вы form, not ты! (So even if the verb is technically singular, it's plural.) It's like usted in Spanish, but with number instead of person. NOUN GENDER Here's the really short and easy version: All nouns have gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Feminine tends to end in а or я Neuter tends to end in о or е Masculine tends to end in everything else Feminine and masculine can both end in the soft sign, ь, so you have to look it up when it ends in that if you don't already know it. When you decline nouns, it's done based on the gender. *points up at what he just wrote* this is what my brain uses in class, but if you want to be technical... Eccentric Iconoclast said it best here
Eccentric Iconoclast There are three noun genders -- masculine, feminine and neuter -- and these are declined -- they change -- by the endings. In the nouns, whether the final consonant is hard or soft matters. So does whether the noun is alive or not -- its animacy. I will give you the declension tables later, but here are some rules: Masculine nouns usually end in consonants or the мягкий знак (there are some exceptions to these, but they will be remarked upon when we get to them). Feminine nouns can end in the letter "а," the letter "я" or the мягкий знак. Again, some exceptions exist, but they are rare. Neuter nouns end in the letters "о," "е" or "я." Noun genders mostly affect the adjectives modifying them and the past tense of verbs, both of which we will get into later. Here are some examples to get you started on: MASCULINE: авт обус -- bus брат -- brother стол -- table каранд аш -- pencil чай -- tea пляж -- beach г ений -- genius слов арь -- dictionary полемёт -- machine gun бобр -- beaver FEMININE: кн ига -- book газ ета -- newspaper п есня -- song мужеств енность -- masculinity в ыдра -- otter лингв истика -- linguistics ист ория -- history ид ея -- idea жизнь -- life NEUTER: сл ово -- word молок о -- milk бол ото -- swamp с олнце -- sun уч илище -- school/college зд ание -- building ружьё -- rifle сид енье -- seat м оре -- sea вр емя -- time, tense I know, it's a motley list of words. xD I tried to get in an example from each type of declension, plus I threw in some of my favorite words. --Present tense REGULAR VERBS If you know a language like Spanish or French which has endings on verbs that change to conjugate the verb, you know, basically, how to do this. I am using the same person/sing-plur chart as above; I'm not rewriting the pronouns. THey aren't *necessary*, but as Proudly_Jewish would tell you, sometimes it just sounds right to put them in. I'll add irregulars whenever I get around to it... "Type I"--Verbs that end in -ать are usually, but NOT ALWAYS, this type. Drop the ть and add: -ю ... -ем -ешь ... -ете -ет ... -ют example type I: делать to do/make я делаю ты делаешь он/она делает мы делаем вы делаете они делают "Type II"--Verbs that end in -ить are usually, but NOT ALWAYS, this type. Drop the ить/ать and add: -ю ... -им -ишь ... -ите -ит ... -ят example type II: говорить to talk/speak я говорю ты говоришь он/она говорит мы говорим вы говоришь они говорят PAST TENSEIsn't so difficult to do smile There are some irregulars, of course. Again, adding whenever I get a round tuit. To form the past, drop the -ть and add: Masculine: -л Feminine: -ла Plural*: -ли *plural includes вы, even if you're using it as a formal "singular"! Вы is ALWAYS plural. Russian is one of... I don't know. Very few. Languages that conjugate the past by gender instead of by person/number (as it does in the present). Feel special: you are learning a special language. The verb "To Be"And now you need to know how to say "to be," because this verb doesn't exist in the present tense. быть--to be. It conjugates regularly in the past tense. "Я был в магазине."--I was in the store. It also conjugates in the future, because you will be as well as were. Your current existence is logically assumed by the fact that you're talking wink Excellent time to introduce the future, you'd think, but to learn the future, you must learn the dreaded... ASPECT of verbs! And now's a good time for me to get back to Circuits homework. I'll update again probably before I leave the library though, because I'm being lazy. But I might not. Aspect isn't easy to explain well. Read Eccentric Iconoclast's stuff while I'm being somewhat studious. Eccentric Iconoclast One of the most distinguishing factors of Russian verbs is aspect. All Russian verbs have aspect. The Russian word for aspect is вид from the verb видеть, which means "to see or view." In Russian, aspect is used to describe how one sees or percieves an action. There are two aspects; imperfective and perfective. English has these too, but in Russian they're far more essential than in English. Russian verbs usually come in aspectual pairs, and it is essential to know which aspect a verb belongs to. The imperfective aspect represents an uncompleted or repeating action or an action that takes a considerable amount of time to complete; the present tense of all Russian verbs is in the imperfective aspect. In the past tense, the imperfective aspect is used to mean "was ___ing," for the most part. The equivalents are not direct; you will have to learn the meanings as you progress. The imperfective future is formed by using a conjugation of быть - to be - before the infinitive. The perfective aspect represents a completed or final action or something that takes a short amount of time to complete. The standard future tense is perfective in nature. Thus говорить - to speak - is imperfective, whereas сказать - to say - is perfective. I'm not sure if I've gone through the specific spelling rules for verb conjugations yet, so I'll outline those now. The 8-7-5 RuleAfter г, к, х, ш, ж, ч, and ц, Russians write а instead of я and у instead of ю. After г, к, х, ш, ж, щ and ч, Russians write и instead of ы. After ш, ж, щ, ч, and ц, where an о would be expected, you write the letter е unless the о is stressed. Rules for Consonant ChangeWhen a change or mutation takes place in the imperfective present or perfective future form (we'll get into those later), these are the normal and predictable changes: г -> ж: помогу, поможешь (помочь) д -> ж: водить, вожу з -> ж: возить, вожу к -> ч: пеку, печешь (печь) т -> ч: отвечу, ответишь (ответить) с -> ш: писать, пишу х -> ш: махать, машу ск -> щ: искать, ищу ст -> щ: чистить, чищу Most of these are infinitives changing to their first-person singular forms, but a couple of these are the first-person singular going to second-person singular. In those, I put the infinitive verb at the end in parentheses. I'll update the syllable stresses later. Verbal PrefixesVerbal prefixes may differ according to the initial consonant of the verb they precede. a) The final letter of the prefix becomes its voiceless equivalent in front of another voiceless letter. Thus: без -> бес: бездействовать, беспокоить вз -> вс: взбить, всходить воз -> вос: восникать, воспитать из -> ис: избегать, исполнить раз -> рас: расдавать, рассказать b) In front of a vowel or the letters л or р, some prefixes add the letter о. в -> во: входить, войти вз -> взо: вздыхать, взорвать из -> изо: издавать, изолгать над -> надо: надеть, надоесть об -> обо: обладать, обнимать, оборвать от -> ото: отнимать, оторвать под -> подо: поднимать, подождать пред -> предо: предложить, предоставить раз -> разо: разводить, разойтись с -> со: спросить, сохранять c) In a few cases, when preceding the vowels я or е, some prefixes add the hard sign ъ. в -> въ: входить, въехать из -> изъ: изучить, изъяснить об ->объ: обнимать, объяснить раз -> разъ: разбудить, разъяснить с -> съ: сходить, съесть Vowel Changes After PrefixesSome verbs, such as играть and искать, when preceded by a prefix ending in a consonant, change their initial и to ы. вз: взыграть, взыскать из: изыграть, изыскать об: обыграть, обыскать раз: разыграть, разыскать с: сыграть, сыскать
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:29 am
Grammar Notes NOUN DECLENSIONS (cases)OK, I'm going to explain this myself now smile ...now that I've learned it in my class. WARNING: I only list singulars for now!! ALSO BE WARNED--Spelling rules are the exceptions to this. The spelling rules that apply to noun cases are USUALLY just knowing when to use soft and hard after certain consonants. I think EI has explained this somewhere; either way, I intend to explain it soon. Sorry to have deserted for so long... sweatdrop CASES IN RUSSIAN. There are 6. -Nominative--This is the same as the dictionary form, so you don't have to change anything. Cool, right? Right. It's USED for subject of the sentence, or the predicate nominative. wink ex: автобус окно газета -Accusative--USED for Direct Object of the sentence, pretty much. ALSO, if you're GOING to a "destination", this is considered a "direct object" type word, so it takes the accusative, even though it will come after the same preposition. So if you're AT the post office, you ARE "na pochte", but if you're going TO the post office, you're GOING "na pochtu". It does make sense, I swear... and the words for where are different: где and куда. ex: автобус окно газету only the feminine form changes, a>>y in the singular. Be ye warned: Masculine changes IF it's animate... Use the GENITIVE CASE. -Prepositional (aka "locative") -- Used for... prepositions of location. sweatdrop ... if you're in a place, pretty much, use prepositional case. For the place, I mean. For MOST words, tack on an e or just drop the last letter and add e. ex: автобусе окне газете (on the bus (на автобусе), on/by the window (на окне), in the paper (в газете)--you still need to know what preposition goes with which word to express what meaning) -Genitive--probably most used case in Russian, from what I've learned... possession (it's the "apostrophe-S" part), lack-of-existence (like у меня нет < >), after certain prepositions (for phrases like "у меня"), etc. It's also used for counting, which I'll get around to explaining soon as well, I hope.
For masculine/neuter, add a (drop final vowel if needed); for feminine, add ы (drop final vowel if needed.)
ex: автобуса окна газеты
-Dative--Indirect objects. For whom/to whom or for what/to what. "I gave John the newspaper" is "Я дал Джону газету."
M/N: add -у to the end, F: replace the а or я with е.
ex: автобусу окну газете
-Instrumental--how did you do it? What was the instrument? kind of hard to explain; it often is what you did something with. "I went there [by foot]" and "I walked" can be expressed "Я шёл пешком", where peshkom is the instrumental of foot--"by foot" or "with feet."
M/N: add ом
F: ой
ex: автобусом окном газетой
Adjectives and plurals coming soon~!
From the Language of the Month Thread
Eccentric Iconoclast Every noun in the Russian language changes its ending depending on its use in the sentence. This frees up the word order so that it can be used to stress certain elements in a sentence, as you will see. In Russian, there are six declension cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative/prepositional. The NOMINATIVE case announces the SUBJECT of the sentence. In the sentence "The dog wants my dinner," the subject is "the dog." English has a nominative case in its pronouns; saying "I" instead of "me" or "my," and so on. Try generalizing this to all nouns; t his takes some getting used to, but it's great fun. The ACCUSATIVE shows the DIRECT OBJECT of the sentence. In the same sentence as last time, "the dog wants my dinner," "my dinner" is the direct object. It shows what is being directly affected by the verb. The DATIVE shows the INDIRECT OBJECT of the sentence. In the sentence "He gave me a present" or "He gave a present to me," "me" or "to me" is the indirect object, since the "present" is what's being directly affected and you are what it's being affected TO. The word "to" is usually used to translate the dative out of Russian, but there are a lot of exceptions to that. The GENITIVE shows the POSSESSOR. When you say "The dog's bone," "dog" is the possessor. English has a genitive case: the apostrophe-S ending that you see often. The genitive is also used to mean OF. The INSTRUMENTAL shows the MEANS BY WHICH AN ACTION HAPPENS. In saying "I knocked his teeth out with a hammer," the hammer is being used as the instrumental would be were this sentence in Russian. It is translated mostly as BY and WITH. The LOCATIVE/PREPOSITIONAL shows WHERE AN ACTION IS TAKING PLACE. Saying "I was in the torture chamber," the torture chamber would be in the locative case. Saying "I was at the park," the park would be in the locative. It is often called the prepositional because this case can NEVER be used without a preposition. It is also used when saying "Speaking of..." Naturally, all of the case endings change depending on the gender and some other factors. I have taught all of your vocabulary words so far in the nominative, which I will keep doing. Here is a mostly complete list of how the declension system works (first in the singular, then in the plural…). All the "oblique cases" (all but the nominative singular) are stressed like the nominative singular case. MASCULINE - п б д т в ф з с л м н р г к х N - взгляд / взгляды A - взгляд / взгляды G - взгляда / взглядов D - взгляду / взглядам I - взглядом / взглядами L - взгляде / взглядах ай ой ей уй N - чай / чаи A - чай / чаи G - чая / чаев D - чаю / чаям I - чаем / чаями L - чае / чаях ж ш щ N - обощ / обощи A - обощ / обощи G - обоща / обощей D - обощу / обощам I - обощем / обощами L - обоще / обощах ий N - г ений / гении A - гений / гении G - гения / гениев D - гению / гениям I - гением гениями L - гении / гениях ь N - автомоб иль / автомобили A - автомобиль / автомобили G - автомобиля / автомобилей D - автомобилю / автомобилям I - автомобилем / автомобилями L - автомобиле / автомобилях FEMININE - а N - в ыдра / выдры A - выдру / выдры G - выдры / выдр D - выдре / выдрам I - выдрой / выдрами L - выдре / выдрах consonant + я N - сп альня / спальни A - спальню / спальни G - спальни / спальнь D - спальне / спальням I - спальней /спальнями L - спальне / спальнях ия N - конц епция / концепции A - концепцию / концепции G - концепции / концепций D - концепции / концепциям I - концепцией / концепциями L - концепции / концепциях ея уя N - алл ея / аллеи A - аллею / аллеи G - аллеи / аллей D - аллее / аллеям I - аллей / аллеями L - аллее / аллеях ь N - жизнь / жизни A - жизнь / жизни G - жизни / жизней D - жизни / жизням I - жизнью / жизнями L - жизни / жизнях NEUTER - о N - п иво / пива A - пиво / пива G - пива / пив D - пиву / пивам I - пивом / пивами L -пиве / пивах ще це N - с олнце / солнца A - солнце / солнца G - солнца / солнц D - солнцу / солнцам I - солнцем / солнцами L - солнце / солнцах ие N - вним ание / внимания A - внимание / внимания G - внимания / вниманий D - вниманию / вниманиям I - вниманием / вниманиями L - внимании / вниманиях ье ьё N - вар енье / варенья A - варенье / варенья G - варенья / варений D - варенью / вареньям I - вареньем / вареньями L - варенье / вареньях consonant + е N - м оре / мор яA - море / мор яG - моря / мор ей D - морю / мор ям I - морем / мор ями L - море / мор ях мя N - время / времен аA - время / времен аG - времени / времён D - времени / времен ам I - временем / времен ами L - времени / времен ах Practice declining the nouns that I gave you. Note: When declining animate nouns (any noun that is alive, be it a person or an animal), the Accusative case takes the same form as the Genitive.
Thanks again to Eccentric Iconoclast. Wow. surprised
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:32 am
RESERVED #6
I think 15 will be plenty; ten was probably too few on my conlang but much more would be too much.
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:34 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:36 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:37 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:39 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:48 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:50 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 9:59 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 10:04 am
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Posted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 10:10 am
RESERVED15
I now need to go write an essay in Spanish, then turn it itn, then go to Calculus, then I can come back and babble at people about Russian.
Whee.
I reserved posts because what I think makes these threads die so often is that people start chatting instead of really teaching the language, so I wanted to make a lesson list and then allow chat.
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